At a glance
Liberalism is a broad political tradition centered on individual rights, liberty, consent of the governed and limits on arbitrary power.
Core principles
- Civil liberties
- Rule of law
- Political equality
- Freedom of association and expression
- Representative government
Origins & development
Liberal thought grew through early modern arguments for toleration and constitutional government, then developed into diverse movements across the world.
Economic outlook
Liberals generally support private property and markets, but disagree on regulation, redistribution and public services.
Society & government
Most liberal traditions defend pluralism and personal freedoms; their positions on religion and social change vary by place and period.
Variations & related traditions
Classical liberalism prioritizes limited government and markets; social liberalism gives more weight to social provision and equal opportunity.
Debates & criticisms
Critics question whether formal liberty is sufficient amid unequal resources, and whether liberal institutions have always applied rights consistently.