Senate

State Senate races in this midterm cycle, with separate candidate results and election-era ideology attribution.

State races and results map

Each race has its own denominator. Missing counts are blank. The interactive map uses modern state outlines as navigation references.

Alabama — Senate — General

Legislative / indirect selection. Legislative selection; popular-vote totals are not inferred

Candidate	Party	Votes	Share	Result
James L. Pugh	Democratic	—	—	Elected

Incumbent re-elected in 1890. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y James L. Pugh (Democratic) [data missing]

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

Arkansas — Senate — General

Legislative / indirect selection. Legislative selection; popular-vote totals are not inferred

Candidate	Party	Votes	Share	Result
James K. Jones	Democratic	—	—	Elected

Incumbent re-elected in 1891. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y James K. Jones (Democratic) [data missing]

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

California — Senate — General

Legislative / indirect selection. Legislative selection; popular-vote totals are not inferred

Candidate	Party	Votes	Share	Result
Leland Stanford	Republican	—	—	Elected

Incumbent re-elected in 1891. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Leland Stanford (Republican) [data missing]

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

California — Senate (Class 1) — General

Legislative / indirect selection. Legislative selection; popular-vote totals are not inferred

Candidate	Party	Votes	Share	Result
Charles N. Felton	Republican	—	—	Elected

Incumbent died February 28, 1891. New senator elected March 19, 1891. Republican gain. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Charles N. Felton (Republican)

[data missing]

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

Colorado — Senate — General

Legislative / indirect selection. Legislative selection; popular-vote totals are not inferred

Candidate	Party	Votes	Share	Result
Henry M. Teller	Republican	—	—	Elected

Incumbent re-elected in 1891. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Henry M. Teller (Republican) [data missing]

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

Connecticut — Senate — General

Legislative / indirect selection. Legislative selection; popular-vote totals are not inferred

Candidate	Party	Votes	Share	Result
Orville H. Platt	Republican	—	—	Elected

Incumbent re-elected in 1891. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Orville H. Platt (Republican) [data missing]

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

Florida — Senate (Class 3) — General

Legislative / indirect selection. Legislative selection; popular-vote totals are not inferred

Candidate	Party	Votes	Share	Result
Wilkinson Call	Democratic	—	—	Elected

Legislature had failed to elect; see above. Predecessor re-elected May 26, 1891. Democratic hold. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Wilkinson Call (Democratic)

[data missing]

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

Georgia — Senate — General

Legislative / indirect selection. Legislative selection; popular-vote totals are not inferred

Candidate	Party	Votes	Share	Result
John B. Gordon	Democratic	—	—	Elected

Incumbent retired due to illness. Democratic hold. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y John B. Gordon (Democratic) [data missing]

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

Idaho — Senate — General

Legislative / indirect selection. Legislative selection; popular-vote totals are not inferred

Candidate	Party	Votes	Share	Result
Fred Dubois	Republican	—	—	Elected

McConnell was elected only to finish the term (see above) and thereafter retired. New senator elected December 18, 1890. Republican hold. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Fred Dubois (Republican) [data missing]

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

Idaho — Senate (Class 2) — General

Legislative / indirect selection. Legislative selection; popular-vote totals are not inferred

Candidate	Party	Votes	Share	Result
George L. Shoup	Republican	—	—	Elected

Idaho admitted to the Union July 3, 1890. First senators elected December 18, 1890. Republican gain. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y George L. Shoup (Republican) [data missing]

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

Idaho — Senate (Class 3) — General

Legislative / indirect selection. Legislative selection; popular-vote totals are not inferred

Candidate	Party	Votes	Share	Result
William J. McConnell	Republican	—	—	Elected

Idaho admitted to the Union July 3, 1890. First senators elected December 18, 1890. Republican gain. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y William J. McConnell (Republican) [data missing]

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

Illinois — Senate — General

Legislative / indirect selection. Legislative selection; popular-vote totals are not inferred

Candidate	Party	Votes	Share	Result
John M. Palmer	Democratic	—	—	Elected
Cicero Lindly	Republican	—	—	—
Alson Streeter	Farmers' Alliance	—	—	—

Incumbent lost renomination. New senator elected on March 11, 1891, after 154 ballots. Democratic gain. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y John M. Palmer (Democratic) 102

▌Cicero Lindly (Republican) 100

▌Alson Streeter (Farmers' Alliance) 1

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

Indiana — Senate — General

Legislative / indirect selection. Legislative selection; popular-vote totals are not inferred

Candidate	Party	Votes	Share	Result
Daniel W. Voorhees	Democratic	—	—	Elected

Incumbent re-elected in 1891. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Daniel W. Voorhees (Democratic) [data missing]

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

Iowa — Senate — General

Legislative / indirect selection. Legislative selection; popular-vote totals are not inferred

Candidate	Party	Votes	Share	Result
William B. Allison	Republican	—	—	Elected
Samuel L. Bestow	Democratic	—	—	—
William Larrabee	Republican	—	—	—

Incumbent re-elected March 5, 1890. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y William B. Allison (Republican) 79

▌Samuel L. Bestow (Democratic) 63

▌William Larrabee (Republican) 8

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

Kansas — Senate — General

Legislative / indirect selection. Legislative selection; popular-vote totals are not inferred

Candidate	Party	Votes	Share	Result
William A. Peffer	Populist	—	—	Elected
John J. Ingalls	Republican	—	—	—

Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected in 1891. Populist gain. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y William A. Peffer (Populist)

▌John J. Ingalls (Republican) [data missing]

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

Kentucky — Senate — General

Legislative / indirect selection. Legislative selection; popular-vote totals are not inferred

Candidate	Party	Votes	Share	Result
J. C. S. Blackburn	Democratic	—	—	Elected
A. H. Stewart	Republican	—	—	—

Incumbent re-elected January 7, 1890. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y J. C. S. Blackburn (Democratic) 95

▌ A. H. Stewart (Republican) 18

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

Kentucky — Senate (Class 2) — General

Legislative / indirect selection. Legislative selection; popular-vote totals are not inferred

Candidate	Party	Votes	Share	Result
John G. Carlisle	Democratic	—	—	Elected
Silas Adams	Republican	—	—	—

Incumbent died May 3, 1890. New senator elected May 17, 1890. Democratic hold. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y John G. Carlisle (Democratic) 107

▌ Silas Adams (Republican) 15

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

Louisiana — Senate — General

Legislative / indirect selection. Legislative selection; popular-vote totals are not inferred

Candidate	Party	Votes	Share	Result
Edward Douglass White	Democratic	—	—	Elected

Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected in 1891. Democratic hold. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Edward Douglass White (Democratic) [data missing]

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

Maryland — Senate — General

Legislative / indirect selection. Legislative selection; popular-vote totals are not inferred

Candidate	Party	Votes	Share	Result
Ephraim Wilson	Democratic	—	—	Elected

Incumbent re-elected in 1890, but died February 24, 1891, before the beginning of the next term. Seat remained vacant until November 19, 1891. Democratic loss. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Ephraim Wilson (Democratic) [data missing]

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

Missouri — Senate — General

Legislative / indirect selection. Legislative selection; popular-vote totals are not inferred

Candidate	Party	Votes	Share	Result
George G. Vest	Democratic	—	—	Elected

Incumbent re-elected in 1891. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y George G. Vest (Democratic) [data missing]

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

Montana — Senate (Class 1) — General

Legislative / indirect selection. Legislative selection; popular-vote totals are not inferred

Candidate	Party	Votes	Share	Result
Wilbur F. Sanders	Republican	—	—	Elected
William A. Clark	Democratic	—	—	—

Montana admitted to the Union November 8, 1889. First senator elected January 1, 1890. Sanders's election was challenged based on the legitimacy of the nascent state legislature. The Senate resolved the dispute in his favor April 16, 1890, and he was seated that day. Republican gain. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Wilbur F. Sanders (Republican)

▌William A. Clark (Democratic)

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

Montana — Senate (Class 2) — General

Legislative / indirect selection. Legislative selection; popular-vote totals are not inferred

Candidate	Party	Votes	Share	Result
Thomas C. Power	Republican	—	—	Elected
Martin Maginnis	Democratic	—	—	—

Montana admitted to the Union November 8, 1889. Second senator elected January 2, 1890. Power's election was challenged based on the legitimacy of the nascent state legislature. The Senate resolved the dispute in his favor April 16, 1890, and he was seated that day. Republican gain. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Thomas C. Power (Republican)

▌Martin Maginnis (Democratic)

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

Nevada — Senate — General

Legislative / indirect selection. Legislative selection; popular-vote totals are not inferred

Candidate	Party	Votes	Share	Result
John P. Jones	Republican	—	—	Elected

Incumbent re-elected in 1891. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y John P. Jones (Republican) [data missing]

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

New Hampshire — Senate — General

Legislative / indirect selection. Legislative selection; popular-vote totals are not inferred

Candidate	Party	Votes	Share	Result
Jacob H. Gallinger	Republican	—	—	Elected

Incumbent lost renomination. New senator elected in 1891. Republican hold. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Jacob H. Gallinger (Republican) [data missing]

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

New York — Senate — General

Legislative / indirect selection. Legislative selection; popular-vote totals are not inferred

Candidate	Party	Votes	Share	Result
David B. Hill	Democratic	—	—	Elected
William M. Evarts	Republican	—	—	—

Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected January 21, 1891. Democratic gain. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y David B. Hill (Democratic) 81

▌William M. Evarts (Republican) 79

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

North Carolina — Senate — General

Legislative / indirect selection. Legislative selection; popular-vote totals are not inferred

Candidate	Party	Votes	Share	Result
Zebulon Vance	Democratic	—	—	Elected

Incumbent re-elected in 1890. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Zebulon Vance (Democratic)

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

North Dakota — Senate — General

Legislative / indirect selection. Legislative selection; popular-vote totals are not inferred

Candidate	Party	Votes	Share	Result
Henry C. Hansbrough	Republican	—	—	Elected
Gilbert A. Pierce	Republican	—	—	—

Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected in 1891. Republican hold. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Henry C. Hansbrough (Republican)

▌Gilbert A. Pierce (Republican) [data missing]

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

Ohio — Senate — General

Legislative / indirect selection. Legislative selection; popular-vote totals are not inferred

Candidate	Party	Votes	Share	Result
Calvin S. Brice	Democratic	—	—	Elected

Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 15, 1890 Democratic hold. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Calvin S. Brice (Democratic) [data missing]

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

Oregon — Senate — General

Legislative / indirect selection. Legislative selection; popular-vote totals are not inferred

Candidate	Party	Votes	Share	Result
John H. Mitchell	Republican	—	—	Elected

Incumbent re-elected in 1890. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y John H. Mitchell (Republican) [data missing]

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

Pennsylvania — Senate — General

Legislative / indirect selection. Legislative selection; popular-vote totals are not inferred

Candidate	Party	Votes	Share	Result
J. Donald Cameron	Republican	—	—	Elected
Chauncey F. Black	Democratic	—	—	—

Incumbent re-elected January 20, 1891. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y J. Donald Cameron (Republican) 144

▌Chauncey F. Black (Democratic) 94

Others 12; see below

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

South Carolina — Senate — General

Legislative / indirect selection. Legislative selection; popular-vote totals are not inferred

Candidate	Party	Votes	Share	Result
John L. M. Irby	Democratic	—	—	Elected
Wade Hampton III	Democratic	—	—	—

Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected in 1890. Democratic hold. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y John L. M. Irby (Democratic)

▌Wade Hampton III (Democratic) [data missing]

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

South Dakota — Senate — General

Legislative / indirect selection. Legislative selection; popular-vote totals are not inferred

Candidate	Party	Votes	Share	Result
James H. Kyle	Independent	—	—	Elected
Bartlett Tripp	Democratic	—	—	—
Norman B. Campbell	Unknown	—	—	—

Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected February 16, 1891. Independent gain. Winner later became a Populist. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y James H. Kyle (Independent) 75

▌Bartlett Tripp (Democratic) 8

▌Norman B. Campbell (Unknown) 1

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

Vermont — Senate — General

Legislative / indirect selection. Legislative selection; popular-vote totals are not inferred

Candidate	Party	Votes	Share	Result
Justin S. Morrill	Republican	—	—	Elected

Incumbent re-elected in 1890. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Justin S. Morrill (Republican) [data missing]

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

Virginia — Senate (Class 1) — General

Legislative / indirect selection. Legislative selection; popular-vote totals are not inferred

Candidate	Party	Votes	Share	Result
John W. Daniel	Democratic	—	—	Elected

Incumbent re-elected early December 16, 1891 for the term beginning March 4, 1893. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y John W. Daniel (Democratic)

[data missing]

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

Washington — Senate — General

Legislative / indirect selection. Legislative selection; popular-vote totals are not inferred

Candidate	Party	Votes	Share	Result
Watson C. Squire	Republican	—	—	Elected

Incumbent re-elected in 1891. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Watson C. Squire (Republican) [data missing]

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

Wisconsin — Senate — General

Legislative / indirect selection. Legislative selection; popular-vote totals are not inferred

Candidate	Party	Votes	Share	Result
William F. Vilas	Democratic	—	—	Elected
John C. Spooner	Republican	—	—	—

Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected January 28, 1891. Democratic gain. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y William F. Vilas (Democratic) 64.57%

▌John C. Spooner (Republican) 35.43%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

Wyoming — Senate (Class 2) — General

Legislative / indirect selection. Legislative selection; popular-vote totals are not inferred

Candidate	Party	Votes	Share	Result
Joseph M. Carey	Republican	—	—	Elected
George W. Baxter	Democratic	—	—	—

Wyoming admitted to the Union July 10, 1890. First senators elected November 15, 1890. Republican gain. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Joseph M. Carey (Republican) 39

▌George W. Baxter (Democratic) 7

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

Wyoming — Senate (Class 1) — General

Legislative / indirect selection. Legislative selection; popular-vote totals are not inferred

Candidate	Party	Votes	Share	Result
Francis E. Warren	Republican	—	—	Elected
Henry A. Coffeen	Democratic	—	—	—
M. C. Brown	Unknown	—	—	—
John McCormick	Unknown	—	—	—
H. R. Mann	Unknown	—	—	—

Wyoming admitted to the Union July 10, 1890. First senators elected November 18, 1890. Republican gain. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Francis E. Warren (Republican) 29

▌ Henry A. Coffeen (Democratic) 9

▌M. C. Brown (Unknown) 7

▌John McCormick (Unknown) 3

▌H. R. Mann (Unknown) 1

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

Results: final · partial coverage · Elected candidates in regular races; continuing senators are not included

Senate — recorded results
Party / candidate	Votes	Vote share	Seats	Electoral votes
James L. Pugh · Alabama	—	—	1	—
James K. Jones · Arkansas	—	—	1	—
Leland Stanford · California	—	—	1	—
Henry M. Teller · Colorado	—	—	1	—
Orville H. Platt · Connecticut	—	—	1	—
John B. Gordon · Georgia	—	—	1	—
Fred Dubois · Idaho	—	—	1	—
John M. Palmer · Illinois	—	—	1	—
Daniel W. Voorhees · Indiana	—	—	1	—
William B. Allison · Iowa	—	—	1	—
William A. Peffer · Kansas	—	—	1	—
J. C. S. Blackburn · Kentucky	—	—	1	—
Edward Douglass White · Louisiana	—	—	1	—
Ephraim Wilson · Maryland	—	—	1	—
George G. Vest · Missouri	—	—	1	—
John P. Jones · Nevada	—	—	1	—
Jacob H. Gallinger · New Hampshire	—	—	1	—
David B. Hill · New York	—	—	1	—
Zebulon Vance · North Carolina	—	—	1	—
Henry C. Hansbrough · North Dakota	—	—	1	—
Calvin S. Brice · Ohio	—	—	1	—
John H. Mitchell · Oregon	—	—	1	—
J. Donald Cameron · Pennsylvania	—	—	1	—
John L. M. Irby · South Carolina	—	—	1	—
James H. Kyle · South Dakota	—	—	1	—
Justin S. Morrill · Vermont	—	—	1	—
Watson C. Squire · Washington	—	—	1	—
William F. Vilas · Wisconsin	—	—	1	—

The seat diagram shows only regular seats contested in this cycle, not the full Senate. Special races remain available in the state selector. Early cycles span two years and use legislative selection; missing or non-comparable vote totals are left blank. Candidate ideology is used where sourced; otherwise the broad election-era party tradition is used. Unassessed candidates are not assigned an ideology.

Sources & further reading

U.S. Senate historical party divisions

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab: Senate returns