Independent election coverage
World of Elections

Senate

United States elections · 1998 · held

State Senate races in this midterm cycle, with separate candidate results and election-era ideology attribution.

State races and results map

Each race has its own denominator. Missing counts are blank. The interactive map uses modern state outlines as navigation references.

Alabama — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Richard ShelbyRepublican81797363.20%Elected
Clayton SuddithDemocratic47456836.69%—
Write-insIndependent8640.10%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Richard Shelby (Republican) 63.2%

▌Clayton Suddith (Democratic) 36.7%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Alaska — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Frank MurkowskiRepublican16522774.49%Elected
Joe SonnemanDemocratic4374319.72%—
Jeffrey GottliebGreen71263.21%—
Scott A. KohlhaasLibertarian50462.27%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Frank Murkowski (Republican) 74.5%

▌Joe Sonneman (Democratic) 19.7%

▌Jeffrey Gottlieb (Green) 3.2%

▌Scott Kohlhaas (Libertarian) 2.3%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Arizona — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
John McCainRepublican69657768.74%Elected
Ed RangerDemocratic27522427.16%—
John C. ZajacLibertarian230042.27%—
Bob ParkReform182881.80%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y John McCain (Republican) 68.7%

▌Ed Ranger (Democratic) 27.2%

Others

▌John C. Zajac (Libertarian) 2.3%

▌Bob Park (Reform) 1.8%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Arkansas — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Blanche LincolnDemocratic38587855.10%Elected
Fay BoozmanRepublican29587042.22%—
Charley E. HeffleyReform188962.70%—

Incumbent retired. Democratic hold. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Blanche Lincoln (Democratic) 55.1%

▌Fay Boozman (Republican) 42.2%

▌Charley E. Heffley (Reform) 2.7%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

California — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Barbara BoxerDemocratic441005653.06%Elected
Matt FongRepublican357507843.01%—
Ted BrownLibertarian939261.13%—
Timothy R. ErichReform829181.00%—
Joseph Perrin, Sr.American Independent546990.66%—
Ophie C. BeltranPeace and Freedom486850.59%—
Brian M. ReesNatural Law465430.56%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Barbara Boxer (Democratic) 53%

▌Matt Fong (Republican) 43%

Others

▌Ted Brown (Libertarian) 1.1%

▌Timothy R. Erich (Reform) 1%

▌H. Joseph Perrin, Sr. (American Independent) 0.7%

▌Ophie C. Beltran (Peace and Freedom) 0.6%

▌Brian M. Rees (Natural Law) 0.6%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Colorado — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Ben Nighthorse CampbellRepublican82937062.49%Elected
Dottie LammDemocratic46475435.02%—
David S. SegalLibertarian140241.06%—
Kevin SwansonConstitution97750.74%—
Jeffrey PeckhamNatural Law41010.31%—
John HeckmanIndependent32300.24%—
Gary SwingIndependent19810.15%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Ben Nighthorse Campbell (Republican) 62.5%

▌Dottie Lamm (Democratic) 35.0%

Others

▌David S. Segal (Libertarian) 1.0%

▌Kevin Swanson (American Constitution) 0.7%

▌Jeff Peckman (Natural Law) 0.3%

▌John Heckman (Concerns of People) 0.2%

▌Gary Swing (Pacifist) 0.1%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Connecticut — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Chris DoddDemocratic62830665.20%Elected
Gary A. FranksRepublican31217732.40%—
William KozakConcerned Citizens122611.27%—
Lois A. GrassoIndependent65170.68%—
Wildey J. MooreLibertarian51960.54%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Chris Dodd (Democratic) 65.1%

▌Gary Franks (Republican) 32.4%

Others

▌William Kozak (Concerned Citizens) 1.3%

▌Lois A. Grasso (Term Limits) 0.7%

▌Wildey Moore (Libertarian) 0.5%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Florida — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Bob GrahamDemocratic243640762.47%Elected
Charlie CristRepublican146375537.53%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Bob Graham (Democratic) 62.5%

▌Charlie Crist (Republican) 37.5%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Georgia — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Paul CoverdellRepublican91854052.37%Elected
Michael ColesDemocratic79190445.15%—
Bert LoftmanLibertarian434672.48%—
Daniel Fein (write-in)Socialist Workers420.00%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Paul Coverdell (Republican) 52.3%

▌Michael Coles (Democratic) 45.3%

▌Bertil Armin Loftman (Libertarian) 2.5%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Hawaii — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Daniel InouyeDemocratic31525279.20%Elected
Crystal YoungRepublican7096417.82%—
Lloyd Jeffrey MallanLibertarian119083.00%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Daniel Inouye (Democratic) 79.2%

▌Crystal Young (Republican) 17.8%

▌Lloyd Mallan (Libertarian) 3%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Idaho — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Mike CrapoRepublican26296669.54%Elected
Bill MaukDemocratic10737528.39%—
George J. MansfeldNatural Law78332.07%—

Incumbent retired to run for Governor of Idaho. Republican hold. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Mike Crapo (Republican) 69.5%

▌Bill Mauk (Democratic) 28.4%

▌George J. Mansfeld (Natural Law) 2%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Illinois — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Peter FitzgeraldRepublican170904150.35%Elected
Carol Moseley BraunDemocratic161049647.44%—
Don TorgersenReform747042.20%—
Raymond StalkerUS Taxpayers2800.01%—

Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Peter Fitzgerald (Republican) 50.3%

▌Carol Moseley Braun (Democratic) 47.4%

Others

▌Don A. Torgersen (Reform) 2.2%

▌Raymond W. Stalker (U.S. Taxpayers) 0.01%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Indiana — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Evan BayhDemocratic101224463.72%Elected
Paul HelmkeRepublican55273234.79%—
Rebecca Sink-BurrisLibertarian236411.49%—

Incumbent retired. Democratic gain. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Evan Bayh (Democratic) 63.7%

▌Paul Helmke (Republican) 34.8%

▌Rebecca Sink-Burris (Libertarian) 1.5%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Iowa — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Chuck GrassleyRepublican64848068.41%Elected
David OsterbergDemocratic28904930.49%—
Susan MarcusNatural Law75610.80%—
Margaret TroweSocialist Workers25420.27%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Chuck Grassley (Republican) 68.4%

▌David Osterberg (Democratic) 30.5%

Others

▌Susan Marcus (Natural Law) 0.8%

▌Margaret Trowe (Socialist Workers) 0.3%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Kansas — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Sam BrownbackRepublican47463965.27%Elected
Paul Feleciano, Jr.Democratic22971831.59%—
Tom OylerLibertarian115451.59%—
Alvin BaumanReform113341.56%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Sam Brownback (Republican) 65.3%

▌Paul Feleciano Jr. (Democratic) 31.6%

Others

▌Tom Oyler (Libertarian) 1.6%

▌Alvin Bauman (Reform) 1.5%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Kentucky — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Jim BunningRepublican56981749.75%Elected
Scotty BaeslerDemocratic56305149.16%—
Charles R. ArbegustReform125461.10%—

Incumbent retired. Republican gain. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Jim Bunning (Republican) 49.7%

▌Scotty Baesler (Democratic) 49.2%

▌Charles R. Arbegust (Reform) 1.1%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Louisiana — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
John BreauxDemocratic62050264.00%Elected
Jim DonelonRepublican30661631.64%—
Raymond BrownIndependent122031.26%—
Sam Houston MeltonIndependent98931.00%—
Darryl Paul WardIndependent79640.82%—
L. D. KnoxIndependent63660.70%—
Jeffrey H. DiketIndependent32270.33%—
Martin A. RosenthalIndependent23940.25%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y John Breaux (Democratic) 64%

▌Jim Donelon (Republican) 32%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Maryland — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Barbara MikulskiDemocratic—70.50%Elected
Ross PierpontRepublican—29.50%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Barbara Mikulski (Democratic) 70.5%

▌Ross Pierpont (Republican) 29.5%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Missouri — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Kit BondRepublican83062552.68%Elected
Jay NixonDemocratic69020843.77%—
Tamara MillayLibertarian318762.02%—
Curtis FrazierConstitution153680.98%—
James NewportReform87800.56%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Kit Bond (Republican) 52.7%

▌Jay Nixon (Democratic) 43.8%

Others

▌Tamara Millay (Libertarian) 2.0%

▌Curtis Frazier (U.S. Taxpayers) 1.0%

▌James F. Newport (Reform) 0.5%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Nevada — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Harry ReidDemocratic20862147.86%Elected
John EnsignRepublican20822047.77%—
Michael CloudLibertarian81291.87%—
None of These Candidates81131.86%—
Michael E. WilliamsNatural Law27810.64%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Harry Reid (Democratic) 47.9%

▌John Ensign (Republican) 47.8%

Others

▌Michael Cloud (Libertarian) 1.9%

None of These Candidates 1.8%

▌Michael E. Williams (Natural Law) 0.6%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

New Hampshire — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Judd GreggRepublican21347767.84%Elected
George CondodemetrakyDemocratic8888328.24%—
Brian ChristesonLibertarian76032.42%—
Roy KendelIndependent American47331.50%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Judd Gregg (Republican) 67.8%

▌George Condodemetraky (Democratic) 28.2%

Others

▌Brian Christeson (Libertarian) 2.4%

▌Roy Kendel (Independent) 1.5%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

New York — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Chuck SchumerDemocratic255106554.62%Elected
Al D'AmatoRepublican205898844.08%—
Corinne KurtzMarijuana Reform Party342810.73%—
Joel KovelGreen147350.30%—
William McMillenLibertarian82230.18%—
Rose Ana BerbeoSocialist Workers35130.07%—

Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Chuck Schumer (Democratic) 54.6%

▌Al D'Amato (Republican) 44.1%

Others

▌Corinne E. Kurtz (Marijuana Reform) 0.7%

▌Joel Kovel (Green) 0.3%

▌William P. McMillen (Libertarian) 0.2%

▌Rose Ana Berbeo (Socialist Workers) 0.1%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

North Carolina — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
John EdwardsDemocratic102923751.15%Elected
Lauch FairclothRepublican94594347.01%—
Barbara HoweLibertarian369631.84%—

Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y John Edwards (Democratic) 51.2%

▌Lauch Faircloth (Republican) 47.0%

▌Barbara Howe (Libertarian) 1.8%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

North Dakota — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Byron DorganDemocratic–NPL13474763.16%Elected
Donna NalewajaRepublican7501335.16%—
Harley McLainReform35981.69%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Byron Dorgan (Democratic-NPL) 63.1%

▌Donna Nalewaja (Republican) 35.2%

▌Harley McLain (Libertarian) 1.7%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Ohio — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
George VoinovichRepublican—56.50%Elected
Mary BoyleDemocratic—43.50%—

Incumbent retired. Republican gain. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y George Voinovich (Republican) 56.5%

▌Mary Boyle (Democratic) 43.5%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Oklahoma — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Don NicklesRepublican57068266.38%Elected
Don CarrollDemocratic26889831.30%—
Mike MorrisIndependent155161.80%—
Argus W. Jr. YandellIndependent46170.40%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Don Nickles (Republican) 66.4%

▌Don Carroll (Democratic) 31.3%

Others

▌Mike Morris (Independent) 1.8%

▌Argus W. Yandell, Jr. (Independent) 0.5%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Oregon — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Ron WydenDemocratic68242561.05%Elected
John LimRepublican37773933.79%—
Karyn MoskowitzPacific Green220241.97%—
Jim BrewsterLibertarian182211.63%—
Michael A. CampbellNatural Law83720.75%—
Dean M. BraaSocialist75530.68%—
Misc.Write-In14130.13%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Ron Wyden (Democratic) 61%

▌John Lim (Republican) 33.8%

Others

▌Karen Moskowitz (Green) 2.0%

▌Jim Brewster (Libertarian) 1.6%

▌Michael A. Campbell (Natural Law) 0.8%

▌Dean M. Braa (Socialist) 0.7%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Pennsylvania — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Arlen SpecterRepublican181418061.34%Elected
Bill LloydDemocratic102883934.79%—
Dean SnyderConstitution683772.31%—
Jack IannantuonoLibertarian461031.56%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Arlen Specter (Republican) 61.3%

▌Bill Lloyd (Democratic) 34.8%

Others

▌Dean Snyder (Constitution) 2.3%

▌Jack Iannantuono (Libertarian) 1.6%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

South Carolina — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Fritz HollingsDemocratic56337752.70%Elected
Bob InglisRepublican48823845.67%—
Richard T. QuillianLibertarian169911.59%—
Write-InsNo party4570.00%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Fritz Hollings (Democratic) 52.7%

▌Bob Inglis (Republican) 45.7%

▌Richard Quillian (Libertarian) 1.6%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

South Dakota — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Tom DaschleDemocratic16288462.14%Elected
Ron SchmidtRepublican9543136.41%—
Byron DaleLibertarian37961.45%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Tom Daschle (Democratic) 62.1%

▌Ron Schmidt (Republican) 36.4%

▌Byron Dale (Libertarian) 1.4%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Utah — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Bob BennettRepublican31665263.98%Elected
Scott LeckmanDemocratic16317232.97%—
Gary Van HornIndependent American150733.05%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Bob Bennett (Republican) 64%

▌Scott Leckman (Democratic) 33%

▌Gary R. Van Horn (Independent American) 3%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Vermont — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Patrick LeahyDemocratic15456772.22%Elected
Fred TuttleRepublican4805122.45%—
Hugh DouglasLibertarian41991.96%—
Barry NelsonIndependent28931.35%—
Robert MelamedeGrassroots24591.15%—
Jerry LevyLiberty Union12380.58%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Patrick Leahy (Democratic) 72.2%

▌Fred Tuttle (Republican) 22.5%

Others

▌Hugh Douglas (Libertarian) 2.0%

▌Barry M. Nelson (Independent) 1.4%

▌Bob Melamede (Vermont Grassroots) 1.2%

▌Jerry Levy (Liberty Union) 0.6%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Washington — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Patty MurrayDemocratic110318458.41%Elected
Linda SmithRepublican78537741.59%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Patty Murray (Democratic) 58.4%

▌Linda Smith (Republican) 41.6%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Wisconsin — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Russ FeingoldDemocratic89005950.55%Elected
Mark NeumannRepublican85227248.40%—
Robert R. RaymondU.S. Taxpayers79420.45%—
Tom EnderLibertarian55910.32%—
Eugene A. HemIndependent42660.24%—
Write-in votesWrite-in7060.04%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Russ Feingold (Democratic) 50.6%

▌Mark Neumann (Republican) 48.4%

Others

▌Robert R. Raymond (U.S. Taxpayers) 0.5%

▌Tom Ender (Libertarian) 0.3%

▌Eugene A. Hem (Independent) 0.2%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Results: final · partial coverage · Elected candidates in regular races; continuing senators are not included

Senate — recorded results
Party / candidateVotesVote shareSeatsElectoral votes
Richard Shelby · Alabama——1—
Frank Murkowski · Alaska——1—
John McCain · Arizona——1—
Blanche Lincoln · Arkansas——1—
Barbara Boxer · California——1—
Ben Nighthorse Campbell · Colorado——1—
Chris Dodd · Connecticut——1—
Bob Graham · Florida——1—
Paul Coverdell · Georgia——1—
Daniel Inouye · Hawaii——1—
Mike Crapo · Idaho——1—
Peter Fitzgerald · Illinois——1—
Evan Bayh · Indiana——1—
Chuck Grassley · Iowa——1—
Sam Brownback · Kansas——1—
Jim Bunning · Kentucky——1—
John Breaux · Louisiana——1—
Barbara Mikulski · Maryland——1—
Kit Bond · Missouri——1—
Harry Reid · Nevada——1—
Judd Gregg · New Hampshire——1—
Chuck Schumer · New York——1—
John Edwards · North Carolina——1—
Byron Dorgan · North Dakota——1—
George Voinovich · Ohio——1—
Don Nickles · Oklahoma——1—
Ron Wyden · Oregon——1—
Arlen Specter · Pennsylvania——1—
Fritz Hollings · South Carolina——1—
Tom Daschle · South Dakota——1—
Bob Bennett · Utah——1—
Patrick Leahy · Vermont——1—
Patty Murray · Washington——1—
Russ Feingold · Wisconsin——1—

The seat diagram shows only regular seats contested in this cycle, not the full Senate. Special races remain available in the state selector. Early cycles span two years and use legislative selection; missing or non-comparable vote totals are left blank. Candidate ideology is used where sourced; otherwise the broad election-era party tradition is used. Unassessed candidates are not assigned an ideology.

Sources & further reading

U.S. Senate historical party divisions

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab: Senate returns