Independent election coverage
World of Elections

Senate

United States elections · 2004 · held

State Senate races in this election cycle, with separate candidate results and election-era ideology attribution.

State races and results map

Each race has its own denominator. Missing counts are blank. The interactive map uses modern state outlines as navigation references.

Alabama — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Richard ShelbyRepublican124203867.60%Elected
Wayne SowellDemocratic59501832.35%—
Write InsIndependent18480.10%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Richard Shelby (Republican) 68%

▌Wayne Sowell (Democratic) 32%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Alaska — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Lisa MurkowskiRepublican14977348.58%Elected
Tony KnowlesDemocratic14042445.55%—
Marc J. MillicanIndependent88852.88%—
Jerry SandersIndependence37851.23%—
Jim SykesGreen30530.99%—
Scott A. KohlhaasLibertarian12400.40%—
Ted GianoutsasIndependent7320.24%—

Interim appointee elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Lisa Murkowski (Republican) 48.6%

▌Tony Knowles (Democratic) 45.5%

▌Marc Millican (Independent) 2.9%

Others

▌Jerry Sanders (AKIP) 1.2%

▌Jim Sykes (Green) 1.0%

▌Scott Kohlhaas (Libertarian) 0.4%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Arizona — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
John McCainRepublican150537276.74%Elected
Stuart StarkyDemocratic40450720.62%—
Ernest HancockLibertarian517982.64%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y John McCain (Republican) 76%

▌Stuart Starky (Democratic) 21%

▌Ernest Hancock (Libertarian) 3%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Arkansas — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Blanche LincolnDemocratic58097355.90%Elected
Jim HoltRepublican45803644.07%—
Write InsIndependent3400.00%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Blanche Lincoln (Democratic) 56%

▌Jim Holt (Republican) 44%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

California — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Barbara BoxerDemocratic695572857.71%Elected
Bill JonesRepublican455592237.80%—
Marsha FeinlandPeace and Freedom2438462.02%—
James P. "Jim" GrayLibertarian2165221.80%—
Don J. GrundmannAmerican Independent812240.67%—
Dennis Richter (write-in)No party430.00%—
Howard Johnson (write-in)No party80.00%—
John Emery Jones (write-in)No party20.00%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Barbara Boxer (Democratic) 57.7%

▌Bill Jones (Republican) 37.8%

Others

▌Marsha Feinland (Peace and Freedom) 2.0%

▌Jim Gray (Libertarian) 1.8%

▌Don J. Grundmann (Constitution) 0.7%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Colorado — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Ken SalazarDemocratic108118851.30%Elected
Pete CoorsRepublican98066846.53%—
Douglas CampbellConstitution187830.89%—
Richard RandallLibertarian101600.48%—
John R. HarrisIndependent84420.40%—
Victor GoodReform64810.31%—
Finn GotaasIndependent17500.08%—

Incumbent retired. Democratic gain. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Ken Salazar (Democratic) 51.3%

▌Pete Coors (Republican) 46.5%

Others

▌Doug Cambell (Constitution) 1%

▌Richard Randall (Libertarian) 0.5%

▌John Harris (Independent) 0.4%

▌Victor Good (Reform) 0.3%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Connecticut — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Chris DoddDemocratic94534766.35%Elected
Jack OrchulliRepublican45774932.13%—
Timothy KnibbsConcerned Citizens124420.87%—
Leonard RaschLibertarian91880.64%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Chris Dodd (Democratic) 66.4%

▌Jack Orchulli (Republican) 32.1%

Others

▌Timothy Knibbs (Constitution) 0.9%

▌Lenny Rasch (Libertarian) 0.6%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Florida — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Mel MartínezRepublican—49.50%Elected
Betty CastorDemocratic359020148.32%—
Dennis BradleyVeterans—2.20%—

Incumbent retired. Republican gain. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Mel Martínez (Republican) 49.5%

▌Betty Castor (Democratic) 48.3%

▌Dennis Bradley (Veterans) 2.2%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Georgia — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Johnny IsaksonRepublican186420257.88%Elected
Denise MajetteDemocratic128769539.98%—
Allen BuckleyLibertarian690512.14%—

Incumbent retired. Republican gain. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Johnny Isakson (Republican) 57.9%

▌Denise Majette (Democratic) 40%

▌Allen Buckley (Libertarian) 2.1%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Hawaii — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Daniel InouyeDemocratic31362975.50%Elected
Campbell CavassoRepublican8717221.00%—
Jim BrewerIndependent92692.23%—
Lloyd Jeffrey MallanLibertarian52771.30%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Daniel Inouye (Democratic) 75.5%

▌Campbell Cavasso (Republican) 21%

Others

▌James Brewer (Independent) 2.2%

▌Lloyd Mallan (Libertarian) 1.3%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Idaho — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Mike CrapoRepublican49979699.18%Elected
Scott McClureDemocratic write-in—0.80%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Mike Crapo (Republican) 99.2%

▌Scott McClure (Democratic write-in) 0.8%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Illinois — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Barack ObamaDemocratic359745669.97%Elected
Alan KeyesRepublican139069027.05%—
Al FranzenIndependent811641.60%—
Jerry KohnLibertarian692531.35%—

Incumbent retired. Democratic gain. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Barack Obama (Democratic) 70.0%

▌Alan Keyes (Republican) 27.0%

Others

▌Albert Franzen (Independent) 1.6%

▌Jerry Kohn (Libertarian) 1.3%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Indiana — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Evan BayhDemocratic149697661.65%Elected
Marvin ScottRepublican90391337.23%—
Albert BargerLibertarian273441.13%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Evan Bayh (Democratic) 62%

▌Marvin Scott (Republican) 37%

▌Albert Barger (Libertarian) 1%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Iowa — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Chuck GrassleyRepublican103817570.18%Elected
Arthur A. SmallDemocratic41236527.88%—
Christy Ann WeltyLibertarian152181.03%—
Daryl A. NorthropGreen111210.75%—
Edwin FruitSocialist Workers18740.13%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Chuck Grassley (Republican) 70.1%

▌Arthur Small (Democratic) 27.9%

Others

▌Christy Welty (Libertarian) 1.0%

▌Daryl Northrop (Green) 0.8%

▌Edwin Fruit (Socialist Workers) 0.1%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Kansas — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Sam BrownbackRepublican78086369.16%Elected
Lee JonesDemocratic31033727.49%—
Steven A. RosileLibertarian218421.93%—
George CookReform159801.42%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Sam Brownback (Republican) 69%

▌Lee Jones (Democratic) 28%

▌Stephen A. Rosile (Libertarian) 2%

▌George Cook (Reform) 1%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Kentucky — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Jim BunningRepublican87350750.66%Elected
Daniel MongiardoDemocratic85085549.34%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Jim Bunning (Republican) 51%

▌Daniel Mongiardo (Democratic) 49%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Louisiana — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
David VitterRepublican94301451.03%Elected
Chris JohnDemocratic54215029.34%—
John Neely KennedyDemocratic27582114.92%—
Arthur A. MorrellDemocratic472222.56%—
Richard M. FontanesiIndependent150970.82%—
R. A. "Skip" GalanIndependent124630.67%—
Sam Houston Melton, Jr.Democratic122890.66%—

Incumbent retired. Republican gain. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y David Vitter (Republican) 51%

▌Chris John (Democratic) 29%

▌John Kennedy (Democratic) 15%

▌Arthur Morrell (Democratic) 3%

Others

▌Richard Fontanesi (Independent) 1%

▌R. A. Galan (Independent) 1%

▌Sam Melton (Democratic) 1%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Maryland — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Barbara MikulskiDemocratic—64.80%Elected
E. J. PipkinRepublican78305533.72%—
Maria AllwineGreen248161.07%—
Thomas TrumpConstitution90090.39%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Barbara Mikulski (Democratic) 64.8%

▌E. J. Pipkin (Republican) 33.7%

Others

▌Maria Allwine (Green) 1.1%

▌Thomas Trump (Constitution) 0.4%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Missouri — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Kit BondRepublican151808956.09%Elected
Nancy FarmerDemocratic115826142.80%—
Kevin TullLibertarian196480.73%—
Don GriffinConstitution104040.38%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Kit Bond (Republican) 56%

▌Nancy Farmer (Democratic) 42.8%

Others

▌Kevin Tull (Libertarian) 0.7%

▌Don Griffin (Constitution) 0.4%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Nevada — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Harry ReidDemocratic49480561.08%Elected
Richard ZiserRepublican28464035.14%—
None of These Candidates129681.60%—
Thomas L. HurstLibertarian95591.18%—
David K. SchumannIndependent American Party (Nevada)60010.74%—
Gary MarinchNatural Law20950.26%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Harry Reid (Democratic) 61.1%

▌Richard Ziser (Republican) 35.1%

Others

None of These Candidates 1.6%

▌Tomas Hurst (Libertarian) 1.2%

▌David Schumann (Constitution) 0.7%

▌Gary Marinch (Natural Law) 0.3%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

New Hampshire — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Judd GreggRepublican43484766.18%Elected
Doris HaddockDemocratic—34.00%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Judd Gregg (Republican) 66%

▌Doris Haddock (Democratic) 34%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

New York — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Chuck SchumerDemocratic476982471.20%Elected
Howard MillsRepublican162506924.20%—
Marilyn O'GradyConservative2209603.30%—
David McReynoldsGreen369420.30%—
Don SilbergerLibertarian190730.30%—
Abe HirschfeldBuilders Party161960.20%—
Martin KoppelSocialist Workers148110.20%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Chuck Schumer (Democratic) 71.2%

▌Howard Mills III (Republican) 24.2%

▌Marilyn O'Grady (Conservative) 3.0%

Others

▌David McReynolds (Green) 0.5%

▌Donald Silberger (Libertarian) 0.3%

▌Abraham Hirschfeld (Builders) 0.2%

▌Martin Koppel (Socialist Workers) 0.2%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

North Carolina — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Richard BurrRepublican179145051.60%Elected
Erskine BowlesDemocratic163252747.02%—
Tom BaileyLibertarian477431.38%—
Walker F. Rucker (write-in)Nonpartisan3620.01%—

Incumbent retired to run for Vice President. Republican gain. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Richard Burr (Republican) 52%

▌Erskine Bowles (Democratic) 47%

▌Tom Bailey (Libertarian) 1%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

North Dakota — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Byron DorganDemocratic–NPL14993668.28%Elected
Mike LiffrigRepublican9855331.72%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Byron Dorgan (Democratic-NPL) 68%

▌Mike Liffrig (Republican) 32%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Ohio — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
George VoinovichRepublican346465163.85%Elected
Eric FingerhutDemocratic196124936.14%—
Helen MeyersIndependent2960.01%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y George Voinovich (Republican) 63.9%

▌Eric Fingerhut (Democratic) 36.1%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Oklahoma — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Tom CoburnRepublican76343352.77%Elected
Brad CarsonDemocratic59675041.24%—
Sheila BilyeuIndependent866635.99%—

Incumbent retired. Republican hold. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Tom Coburn (Republican) 52.8%

▌Brad Carson (Democratic) 41.2%

▌Sheila Bilyeu (Independent) 6.0%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Oregon — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Ron WydenDemocratic112872863.39%Elected
Al KingRepublican56525431.75%—
Teresa KeanePacific Green430532.42%—
Dan FitzgeraldLibertarian295821.66%—
David BrownlowConstitution123970.70%—
Misc.Write-In15360.08%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Ron Wyden (Democratic) 63.4%

▌Al King (Republican) 31.8%

Others

▌Teresa Keane (Pacific Green) 2.4%

▌Dan Fitzgerald (Libertarian) 1.7%

▌David Brownlow (Constitution) 0.7%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Pennsylvania — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Arlen SpecterRepublican292508052.62%Elected
Joe HoeffelDemocratic233412641.99%—
Jim ClymerConstitution2200563.96%—
Betsy SummersLibertarian792631.43%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Arlen Specter (Republican) 52.6%

▌Joe Hoeffel (Democratic) 42.0%

▌Jim Clymer (Constitution) 4.0%

▌Betsy Summers (Libertarian) 1.4%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

South Carolina — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Jim DeMintRepublican85716753.67%Elected
Inez TenenbaumDemocratic70438444.10%—
Patrick TyndallConstitution134640.84%—
Rebekah E. SutherlandLibertarian106780.67%—
Tee FergusonUnited Citizens Party58590.37%—
Efia Nwangaza*Green43830.27%—
Write-InsNo party12860.10%—

Incumbent retired. Republican gain. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Jim DeMint (Republican) 53.7%

▌Inez Tenenbaum (Democratic) 44.1%

Others

▌Patrick Tyndall (Constitution) 0.8%

▌Rebekah Sutherland (Libertarian) 0.7%

▌Tee Ferguson (United Citizens) 0.4%

▌Efia Nwangaza (Green) 0.3%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

South Dakota — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
John ThuneRepublican19784850.58%Elected
Tom DaschleDemocratic19334049.42%—

Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y John Thune (Republican) 50.5%

▌Tom Daschle (Democratic) 49.4%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Utah — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Bob BennettRepublican62664068.73%Elected
Paul Van DamDemocratic25895528.40%—
Gary R. Van HornConstitution172891.90%—
Joe LaBontePersonal Choice88240.97%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Bob Bennett (Republican) 68.7%

▌Paul Van Dam (Democratic) 28.4%

Others

▌Gary R. Van Horn (Constitution) 1.9%

▌Joe Labonte (Personal Choice) 1%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Vermont — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Patrick LeahyDemocratic21697270.63%Elected
Jack McMullenRepublican7539824.54%—
Cris EricsonIndependent64862.11%—
Craig HillGreen39991.30%—
Keith SternIndependent33001.07%—
Ben MitchellLiberty Union8790.29%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Patrick Leahy (Democratic) 70.6%

▌John A. McMullen (Republican) 24.5%

Others

▌Cris Ericson (Marijuana) 2.1%

▌Craig Hill (Green) 1.3%

▌Keith Stern (Independent) 1.1%

▌Ben Mitchell (Liberty Union) 0.3%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Washington — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Patty MurrayDemocratic154970854.98%Elected
George NethercuttRepublican120458442.74%—
J. MillsLibertarian340551.21%—
Mark WilsonGreen303041.08%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Patty Murray (Democratic) 55%

▌George Nethercutt (Republican) 42.7%

Others

▌J. Mills (Libertarian) 1.2%

▌Mark Wilson (Green) 1.1%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Wisconsin — Senate — General

Popular election. Popular votes in this state contest

CandidatePartyVotesShareResult
Russ FeingoldDemocratic163269755.35%Elected
Tim MichelsRepublican130118344.11%—
Arif KhanLibertarian83670.28%—
Eugene A. HemIndependent66620.23%—
Write-In VotesWrite-in8340.03%—

Incumbent re-elected. Source candidate / selection detail: ▌Y Russ Feingold (Democratic) 55.4%

▌Tim Michels (Republican) 44.1%

Others

▌Arif Khan (Libertarian) 0.3%

▌Eugene A. Hem (Independent) 0.2%

Sources & further reading

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab / House Clerk: Senate returns

Results: final · partial coverage · Elected candidates in regular races; continuing senators are not included

Senate — recorded results
Party / candidateVotesVote shareSeatsElectoral votes
Richard Shelby · Alabama——1—
Lisa Murkowski · Alaska——1—
John McCain · Arizona——1—
Blanche Lincoln · Arkansas——1—
Barbara Boxer · California——1—
Ken Salazar · Colorado——1—
Chris Dodd · Connecticut——1—
Mel Martínez · Florida——1—
Johnny Isakson · Georgia——1—
Daniel Inouye · Hawaii——1—
Mike Crapo · Idaho——1—
Barack Obama · Illinois——1—
Evan Bayh · Indiana——1—
Chuck Grassley · Iowa——1—
Sam Brownback · Kansas——1—
Jim Bunning · Kentucky——1—
David Vitter · Louisiana——1—
Barbara Mikulski · Maryland——1—
Kit Bond · Missouri——1—
Harry Reid · Nevada——1—
Judd Gregg · New Hampshire——1—
Chuck Schumer · New York——1—
Richard Burr · North Carolina——1—
Byron Dorgan · North Dakota——1—
George Voinovich · Ohio——1—
Tom Coburn · Oklahoma——1—
Ron Wyden · Oregon——1—
Arlen Specter · Pennsylvania——1—
Jim DeMint · South Carolina——1—
John Thune · South Dakota——1—
Bob Bennett · Utah——1—
Patrick Leahy · Vermont——1—
Patty Murray · Washington——1—
Russ Feingold · Wisconsin——1—

The seat diagram shows only regular seats contested in this cycle, not the full Senate. Special races remain available in the state selector. Early cycles span two years and use legislative selection; missing or non-comparable vote totals are left blank. Candidate ideology is used where sourced; otherwise the broad election-era party tradition is used. Unassessed candidates are not assigned an ideology.

Sources & further reading

U.S. Senate historical party divisions

Historical Senate race summary and linked records

MIT Election Lab: Senate returns